Scientists identify geological ‘Goldilocks zone’ for the formation of metal ore deposits: New research could lead to the targeted mining of metals that will be essential for our transition to a green economy.

The team, including researchers from Cardiff University, has discovered a ‘Goldilocks zone’ at the base of the Earth’s crust where the temperate is just right at around 1000°C for metals to be transported to shallower levels near the surface, where they can be mined.

The metals in question — most notably copper, cobalt, tellurium and platinum — are highly-sought after due to their use in electrical wiring and technologies such as battery storage devices, solar panels and fuel cells.

Publishing their findings today in the journal Nature Communications, the team is hopeful that the results can lead to more targeted, less costly, and more environmentally friendly practices to explore for and extract the key metals.

The metals are primarily stored in the Earth’s mantle — a thick layer of rock that sits between the Earth’s core and crust — at depths of more than 25km, making them inaccessible for exploitation.

Yet in certain parts of the world, nature can bring these metals to the surface through the flow of liquid rock, known as magma, that originates in the Earth’s mantle and rises upwards into the crust.

However, up until now the journey of metals to their final deposition site has been uncertain.

In the new study, the team identified a temperature dependant zone, located at the base of the Earth’s crust, which acts like a valve and intermittently allows the metals to pass upwards to reach the upper crust.

Co-author of the study Dr Iain McDonald said: “When magmas reach the base of the crust the critical metals often get trapped here and cannot reach the surface if the temperature is either too hot or too cold.

“As with Goldilocks, we have discovered that if the temperature is ‘just right’ at around 1000°C, then metals like copper, gold and tellurium can escape the trap and rise up towards the surface to form ore deposits.”

The study forms a component of the NERC-funded FAMOS project (From Arc Magmas to Ore Systems), and involved collaborators from Cardiff University, Leicester University, the University of Western Australia and the international mining company BHP.

Professor Jamie Wilkinson, of the Natural History Museum, London, is Principal Investigator for the FAMOS project, and added: “This paper represents a fantastic piece of work from the project team that sheds new light on magmatic processes that operate deep in the Earth’s crust but which exert a first-order control on the accessibility of critical metals for humankind. The results will enable more targeted mineral exploration, thus lowering the environmental footprint associated with the discovery and extraction of green metals.”

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