Anderson took 3-6 in eight overs, including the prize wicket of India captain Virat Kohli, who won the toss.
Both Sam Curran and Craig Overton took two wickets in two balls after lunch, with Overton finishing with 3-14 in 10.4 overs after being recalled in place of injured fast bowler Mark Wood.
Even so there was still the worry for England, beset by top-order problems during a run of seven Tests without a win, might collapse in similar fashion.
But Burns and Hameed – England’s 22nd Test-opening partnership since Andrew Strauss retired nine years ago — posted only England’s second century first-wicket stand in five years at this level.
At stumps, Burns was 52 not out and Hameed, promoted to open after Dom Sibley was dropped, 60 not out.
This was England’s best first day in a Test since the 2015 Ashes clash at Trent Bridge where they dismissed Australia for just 60, with Stuart Broad taking 8-15, before reaching stumps on 274-4 — with Root unbeaten on 124.
India, 56-4 at lunch on Wednesday, lost their last six wickets for 22 runs in an innings that was finished inside 41 overs.
Rohit Sharma (19) and Ajinkya Rahane (18) were the only India batsmen to make it into double figures, with extras providing 16 runs.
An unchanged India came into this match 1-0 up in the five-Test series following a superb 151-run win at Lord’s last week.
England, by contrast, recalled Overton after Wood joined fellow quicks Broad, Jofra Archer and Olly Stone on the sidelines.
Kohli won the toss and despite the overcast conditions that promised to aid Anderson, decided to bat.
But India, having seen Rahul and Rohit share a century opening stand at Lord’s, were 1-1 off the fifth ball of the day.
Rahul, fresh from his 129 at the ‘home of cricket’, fell for a duck when he edged a booming drive to give wicketkeeper Jos Buttler the first of five catches in the innings.
The often gritty Pujara lasted just nine balls for one, undone by a superb Anderson delivery that both swung away and seamed.
Anderson and Kohli had exchanged angry words at Lord’s after the England tailender had been subjected to a bouncer barrage from Jasprit Bumrah.
But there was little time for any more ‘sledging’ as Kohli, without a Test hundred in two years and averaging just 23 since January 2020, fell for seven when he tried to drive an Anderson ball he might have defended to give Buttler another catch.
Anderson, already the most successful fast bowler in Test history, now has 629 wickets at this level.
Rohit who made a fine 83 at Lord’s, fell when he mishooked a looping bouncer from Overton to Ollie Robinson at mid-on
Next ball India were 67-7 when Mohammed Shami, who made a Test-best 56 at Lord’s, was out for a duck when he edged to Burns in the slips.
Left-arm swing bowler Curran then had Ravindra Jadeja and Bumrah lbw with successive deliveries.
Ishant Sharma conceded nine runs in his first over, more than Anderson gave up in his spell.
Hameed had managed just nine runs in total at Lord’s — his first Test in five years following injuries and a career-threatening loss of form that saw him move from his native Lancashire to Nottinghamshire.
But, cutting strongly, he completed a 110-ball fifty — his third in Tests, with a 10th four although the edge off Bumrah was dropped by a diving Rohit at second slip.
Burns, who had pulled Mohammed Siraj for six, followed up with a 123-ball fifty to the delight of a raucous and sun-drenched crowd.
For all the latest Sports News Click Here
